Is the connection to VetBact no longer secure?

If you use VetBact via https (encrypted connection) instead of http (unencrypted), you have probably noticed that your browser warns that the website is not secure. The reason for this is that our so-called SSL certificate has expired. It was valid until 15 May, 2026. After that date, most browsers warn that the site cannot be considered secure because it cannot be verified using a valid certificate.

However, apart from the expired certificate not much has changed in terms of website security and since the site still does not contain sensitive information you can continue to use the site if the warnings don’t make you feel uncomfortable.

If you decide to keep using VetBact (and/or AgriMyc) despite the warnings, there are essentially two ways to deal with the warnings:

  1. Ask the browser to make an exception for this site. Most browsers allow you to do this, for example by clicking on a link called “Advanced” or something similar (depending on the browser). After that, your browser should trust this website and stop showing the warnings.
  2. Use the website in unencrypted mode, i.e. by changing the URL from https://www.vetbact.org to http://www.vetbact.org (i.e. change https to http).

Encrypted traffic with https is usually recommended these days. According to Wikipedia, the reasons for using the https protocol include protecting page authenticity, secure accounts, and to keep user communications, identity, and web browsing private. However, it could be argued that it is not a major problem to temporarily use the old unencrypted http protocol which used to be the standard for much of the web’s history.

We have reported the problem to our IT department and requested that they renew the SSL certificates ASAP. If you feel uncomfortable using a website that makes your browser throw security warnings, do feel free to use other resources for now and we welcome you back when this issue has been resolved.

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VetBact’s 20th anniversary

The first version of the database was made available on the Internet on February 9, 2006. Since then, VetBact has grown into a valuable and trusted resource for many of us in our daily work.

On February 9, VetBact celebrated its 20th anniversary — an impressive milestone marking two decades of dedication and contribution to the field.

Warmest congratulations from all of us who use VetBact and truly appreciate the work behind it!

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What have we done…?

In the past, one of the uses of this blog has been to document the changes and additions we have made to VetBact. In recent years, however, we haven’t blogged much about anything, to be honest. Does that mean that nothing has changed? One might be tempted to surmise that the website has reached some level of maturity which in turn might lead to a lower rate of change. There may be some truth in that in the sense that it already contains much of the material that is needed for the courses in veterinary bacteriology and other related subjects where VetBact is used here at SLU. A supplementary explanation is probably that in recent years we have simply had less time to work on the further development of this site. And on writing blog posts.

However, this does not imply that nothing has changed and here are a few things we have added since the most recent blog post in 2023:

Recently updated pages, 30 Dec. 2025.
  • In 2024, we introduced a new section on susceptibility testing. We describe three fundamentally different types of such testing and you may want to check them out, if you’re not familiar with them already.
  • In 2025, it became clear that major web browsers were dropping support for the Ogg/Theora video format which we used for video clips on the website. We solved this by converting the clips to WebM format, which is also Open Source. The video clips on VetBact are used to illustrate motility. For example, check out Brachyspira hyodysenteriae.
  • In both years, as well as earlier, we have updated information in already existing sections. This work may not be obvious but if you take a look at the front page, there is usually a list displaying the most recently updated pages. The figure (right) shows the list as it appeared on 30 December 2025.

That’s it for 2025. Welcome back in 2026!

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New names of bacterial phyla

Names of the category “phylum” in the taxonomic hierarchy of bacteria were earlier not regulated in the [International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP)]. However, in February 2021, the members of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) have decided that naming of phyla must also be regulated in ICNP. The new names of 42 bacterial phyla were published in an article entitled: Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes by Ahron Oren and George M. Garrity. The following rules are important for naming of phyla:

There is a later edition (2008) of this book.


1. In the names of phyla, -ota must be used as the ending.

2. Italics must be used for names of phyla in text.

3. A phylum name must be based on a genus, which constitutes the nomenclature type of the phylum in question.

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New families within the order Enterobacterales

Phylogenetic tree with certain species within the order Enterobacterales. Species affected by the new family names are marked with red dots.

The order Enterobacterales (formely called Enterobacteriales) is a large taxon containing many bacteria of veterinary importance. The members of this taxon have different properties and form a number of distinct phylogenetic groups. Six new families have now been introduced within the order Enterobacterales, which makes the new taxonomy to better reflect the phylogeny of this group. These new families are: Budviciaceae, Erwiniaceae, Hafniaceae, Morganellaceae, Pectobacteriaceae and Yersiniaceae. Four of these families are represented on VetBact and the genera that are relevant are indicated within parentheses for the respected family: Erwiniaceae (Pantoea), Hafniaceae (Edwardsiella), Morganellaceae (Morganella and Proteus) and Yersiniaceae (Serratia and Yersinia). The bacterium Plesiomonas shigelloides has not yet been assigned to a new family and therefore, it stands as inserta sedis. For more information, see article by J. M. Janda & S. L. Abbott.

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Revised taxonomy of mollicutes (mycoplasmas)

Taxonomy of the new order Mycoplamoidales of the class Mollicutes. New taxa are written in red. For a complete figure, see Taxonomy of mollicutes (mycoplasmas) in VetBact.

The taxonomy of the mollicutes (mycoplasmas) has finally been revised thanks to a Canadian and an Israeli research group. This revised taxonomy is based on data from whole genome sequencing of 140 mollicutes. Only members of the so-called mycoides group are still included in the order Mycoplasmatales. Other former members of this order have now been transferred to the order Mycoplasmoidales. This new order Mycoplasmoidales has been divided into the two families Mycoplasmoidaceae and Metamycoplasmataceae, which have been further subdivided into five different genera (see figure). The important purpose of the revision of the taxonomy of the mollicutes was to get a taxonomy that reflects the actual phylogeny of these bacteria. Read more about this new taxonomy in the term list of VetBact under Taxonomy of mollicutes (mycoplasmas).

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The bacteriology course for Swedish veterinary students, 2021

Micrograph of hyphae from the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Photo Ann-Louise Bergefur (SVA).

The bacteriology course for the Swedish veterinary students starts on September 16 and we would like to wish the students very welcome to this course. We hope that the students will find VetBact and the new resource AgriMyc useful during their studies and especially since the lectures will be on-line due to COVID-19. AgriMyc is a database with information about fungi that are of interest in agriculture and veterinary medicine(see previous blog post). We appreciate all kinds of feed-back, which will help us to improve the databases VetBact and AgriMyc as well as their different parts. We strive hard to make the two databases as useful as possible for the visitors.

/The VetBactRef Group

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AgriMyc – a new resource from SLU

Micrograph of macroconidia from the dermatophyte Micrococcus canis. Photo Ann-Louise Bergefur (SVA).

AgriMyc, which is a new “sister page” to VetBact, has recently been launched from the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU). This new website is based on a database containing information about fungi that are if interest in agriculture and veterinary medicine. The primary goal of this site is to be useful for students within these and related fields. So far, 45 different fungal species and subspecies have been included, but the information on the different fungal pages is far from complete. We will keep working on AgriMyc by adding more species and improve the information on the pages to make it useful for the visitors. We sincerely hope to get input from visitors by the contact form. To reach it, click on “Contact” on any of the fungal pages.

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1 000 000 visited pages

Today (2020-11-17) we have reached 1 000 000 visited pages on VetBact since 2020-01-01. This is the largest number we have experienced since VetBact was registered at StatCounter in November 2011. The image below shows that the number of visitors has increased by an average of about 100 000 per year.

Number of visited pages of VetBact per year. The graph has been adapted from StatCounter.

The VetBact Reference Group

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Outbreak of CODD in southern Sweden

The image shows the hoof from a sheep suffering from contagious ovine
digital dermatitis during the recent outbreak in southern Sweden.
Photo: Sara Frosth

A second case in Sweden of Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis (CODD), has during the autumn
2020 been demonstrated in southern Sweden. The first case was detected in Sweden in early 2019. CODD is a painful and difficult-to-treat bacterial infection in sheep. First the infection affects the area along the coronary band, then the infection spreads under the hoof horn and can cause detachment of the hoof capsule. CODD is very difficult to treat and is a major problem for sheep farmers in some countries such as the UK. The cause of the disease is not entirely known but Treponema spp. has often been detected in sheep with CODD and sometimes together with Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus.

Sara Frosth & Ingrid Hansson

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